Applications of Gesture Controlled Devices

Working

The most important tools for the working of AUTOMATIC GESTURE CONTROLLED ROBOT are the human gestures and image processing of these gestures. These gestures are used to direct robot according to our need. Image Processing has huge computational requirements, and it is not possible to run an image processing code directly on a small microcontroller. Hence, for our purpose, the simplest approach would be to run the code on a computer, which has a webcam connected to it to take the images, and the robot is controlled by the computer via parallel port. The code is written in software that provides the tools for acquiring images, analysing the content in the images and deriving conclusions. MATLAB is one of the much such software available which provide the platform for performing these tasks. An image (or any other data like sound, etc.) can be converted to a matrix and then various operations can be performed on it to get the desired results and values. Image processing is quite a vast field to deal with. We can identify colours, intensity, edges, texture or pattern in an image. In this project we would be restricting ourselves to detecting colours (using RGB values) only.

                       The output of a computer i.e. the image processing results of MATLAB is fed to the DB-25 parallel port which interfaces the computer with our gesture controlled robot. DB-25 is 25 pin port, divided in ratio of 13:12, 4 pins out of these pins receive input from PC and transfer that input to four 4N35-optocouplers as shown in Fig. 17. These optocouplers act as isolator and voltage regulator between DB-25 parallel port and microcontroller. The optocoupler application or function in the circuit is to:

Ø  Monitor high voltage

Ø  Output voltage sampling for regulation

Ø  System control micro for power on/off

 If the optocoupler IC breakdown, it will cause the equipment to have low power, blink, no power, erratic power and even power shut down once switch on the equipment.

                         Output from the four optocouplers goes to port B of microcontroller ATMEGA-8. It is a 28 pin controller that controls the movement of robot. Port D of the controller carries output from the controller to L293D H-Bridge Motor controller. The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to 600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. The output of microcontroller is generally low and motor operates on high voltage and current values. L293D provides necessary voltage and current for running of D.C motor running at 60 rpm. Finally output of L293D motor controller goes to two D.C motor that moves the robot in four directions- left, right, clockwise, and anticlockwise.

ROBOT MOVEMENT	LEFT D.C. MOTOR MOVEMENT	RIGHT D.C. MOTOR MOVEMENT
Forward	Clockwise	Clockwise
Reverse	Anti- Clockwise	Anti- Clockwise
Left Turn	Anti- Clockwise	Clockwise
Right Turn	Clockwise	Anti- Clockwise
Stationary	OFF	OFF

Components list

Components Required:-

S.No.	Name of the Component	Qty.
01	Atmega8 AVR Microcontroller	01
02	IC L293D	01
03	IC 4N37	04
04	Voltage Regulator 7805	01
05	DC Motor- 60 rpm	02
06	Crystal Oscillator- 8 Mhz	01
07	8V Battery	01
08	Parallel Port DB-25	01
09	LED	05
10	Switch	01
11	Capacitor- 470 µF Capacitor- 22 pF	01 02
12	Resistor- 1K	04
13	Webcam	01
14	Connectors with Ribbon wire	02

Embedded System

An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.

Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that are typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The key characteristic, however, is being dedicated to handle a particular task, which may require very powerful processors. For example, air traffic control systems may usefully be viewed as embedded, even though they involve mainframe computers and dedicated regional and national networks between airports and radar sites (each radar probably includes one or more embedded systems of its own).

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

In general, "embedded system" is not a strictly definable term, as most systems have some element of extensibility or programmability. For example, handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them, but they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected. Moreover, even systems which don't expose programmability as a primary feature generally need to support software updates. On a continuum from "general purpose" to "embedded", large application systems will have subcomponents at most points even if the system as a whole is "designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions", and is thus appropriate to call "embedded".

Embedded system employs a combination of software & hardware to perform a specific function. It is a part of a larger system which may not be a “computer” works in a reactive & time constrained environment.

Any electronic system that uses a CPU chip, but that is not a general-purpose workstation, desktop or laptop computer is known as embedded system. Such systems generally use microprocessors; microcontroller or they may use custom-designed chips or both. They are used in automobiles, planes, trains, space vehicles, machine tools, cameras, consumer and office appliances, cell phones, PDAs and other handhelds as well as robots and toys. The uses are endless, and billions of microprocessors are shipped every year for a myriad of applications. 

In embedded systems, the software is permanently set into a read-only memory such as a ROM or flash memory chip, in contrast to a general-purpose computer that loads its programs into RAM each time. Sometimes, single board and rack mounted general-purpose computers are called "embedded computers."

   History

In the earliest years of computers in the 1940–50s, computers were sometimes dedicated to a single task, but were far too large and expensive for most kinds of tasks performed by embedded computers of today. Over time however, the concept of programmable controllers evolved from traditional electromechanical sequencers, via solid state devices, to the use of computer technology.

One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo Guidance Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it employed the then newly developed monolithic integrated circuits to reduce the size and weight. An early mass-produced embedded system was the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer for the Minuteman missile, released in 1961. It was built from transistor logic and had a hard disk for main memory. When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17 was replaced with a new computer that was the first high-volume use of integrated circuits. This program alone reduced prices on quad Nand gate ICs from $1000/each to $3/each, permitting their use in commercial products.

Since these early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come down in price and there has been a dramatic rise in processing power and functionality. The first microprocessor for example, the Intel 4004, was designed for calculators and other small systems but still required many external memory and support chips. In 1978 National Engineering Manufacturers Association released a "standard" for programmable microcontrollers, including almost any computer-based controllers, such as single board computers, numerical, and event-based controllers.

As the cost of microprocessors and microcontrollers fell it became feasible to replace expensive knob-based analog components such as potentiometers and variable capacitors with up/down buttons or knobs read out by a microprocessor even in some consumer products. By the mid-1980s, most of the common previously external system components had been integrated into the same chip as the processor and this modern form of the microcontroller allowed an even more widespread use, which by the end of the decade were the norm rather than the exception for almost all electronics devices. The integration of microcontrollers has further increased the applications for which embedded systems are used into areas where traditionally a computer would not have been considered. A general purpose and comparatively low-cost microcontroller may often be programmed to fulfill the same role as a large number of separate components. Although in this context an embedded system is usually more complex than a traditional solution, most of the complexity is contained within the microcontroller itself. Very few additional components may be needed and most of the design effort is in the software. The intangible nature of software makes it much easier to prototype and test new revisions compared with the design and construction of a new circuit not using an embedded processor.

    Applications

Ÿ  Consumer electronics, e.g., cameras, cell phones etc.

Ÿ  Consumer products, e.g. washers, microwave ovens etc.

Ÿ  Automobiles (anti-lock braking, engine control etc.)

Ÿ  Industrial process controller & defence applications.

Ÿ  Computer/Communication products, e.g. printers, FAX machines etc.

Ÿ  Medical Equipment.

Ÿ  ATMs

Ÿ  Aircrafts

Microcontroller for Embedded Systems

In the literature discussing microprocessors, we often see a term embedded system. Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded system products. An embedded product uses a microprocessor (or microcontroller) to do one task and one task only. A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside it performs one task only: namely, get data and print it. Contrasting this with a IBM PC which can be used for a number of applications such as word processor, print server, network server, video game player, or internet terminal. Software for a variety of applications can be loaded and run. Of course the reason a PC can perform myriad tasks is that it has RAM memory and an operating system that loads the application software into RAM and lets the CPU run it. In an embedded system, there is only one application software that is burned into ROM. An PC contains or is connected to various embedded products such as the keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller, sound card, CD-ROM driver, mouse and so on. Each one of these peripherals has a microcontroller inside it that performs only one task. For example, inside every mouse there is a microcontroller to perform the task of finding the mouse position and sending it to the PC.

Although microcontrollers are the preferred choice for many embedded systems, there are times that a microcontroller is inadequate for the task. For this reason, in many years the manufacturers for general-purpose microprocessors have targeted their microprocessor for the high end of the embedded market.